Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women all over the world, next to breast cancer, affecting around half a million women each year. It also remains as one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in many countries, claiming up to 250,000 lives yearly.
A number of women have taken interest in this particular disease, along with the recent introduction of vaccines claiming to prevent cervical cancer from developing. Indeed, the emergence of these vaccines is not only a hallmark in medical history; it is also a huge relief for millions of women worldwide.
Human Papillomavirus: The Culprit behind Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer has long been linked to sexual activity. Studies have pointed out that women with multiple sexual partners or women with a history of sexually-transmitted diseases were at a higher risk for the disease. However, it is not until recent years that a single culprit has been pointed out as the prime cause of cervical cancer.
The human papillomavirus, or HPV, refers to a family of viruses consisting of about 100 similar members. Over 30 types of HPV are spread through sexual contact, making HPV a common condition affecting up to 70% of sexually active persons in the United States. Both men and women can be carriers of HPV, and although infection with the virus is common, not all cases lead to symptoms. There are many non-risk types of HPV which do not lead to any clinical problem, although some types may cause genital warts (hence the term papillomavirus). About 15 types of HPV, on the other hand, are called high-risk HPV, because they can lead to cancers such as cervical cancer.
HPV Vaccines at the Forefront of Cancer Prevention
Two vaccines have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of human papillomavirus infection. Marketed as Gardasil® and Cervarix®, these vaccines are targeted against certain types of HPV which lead to cancer and genital warts.
HPV vaccines work just like any other viral vaccine: they contain viral particles which enable the body’s production of antibodies, preparing the immune system for future battles with the real virus. It is important to note that these vaccines only work when the series is administered to uninfected persons. Those with existing HPV infection or those with cervical cancer may receive less benefit or may not benefit from the vaccines.
HPV Vaccination - Getting Vaccinated
Both HPV vaccines work best when given prior to infection with HPV, which is why vaccination is recommended before a woman becomes sexually active, usually between the ages of 10 and 12. Nevertheless, women up to 26 may still receive the vaccine if they do not have a present HPV infection, even if they are already sexually active. The vaccines are administered in three doses to reach desired antibody levels. HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing cervical cancer when administered ideally, with studies showing them to be about 100% effective against cancers caused by the targeted types of human papillomavirus for up to four years after vaccination.
Even after HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening tests such as Pap smear are still recommended to check for cell abnormalities. Although HPV vaccines prevent infection against the most common high-risk types, there is currently no guarantee of its effectiveness in other types which can also cause cervical cancer.
Conclusion
Cervical cancer is a serious and life-threatening disease which can easily affect any woman’s life. Luckily, with the discovery of HPV vaccines, women now have the choice to be protected against it. Taking the first step through prevention with HPV vaccination is the key to battling cervical cancer and saving the lives of thousands of young women all over the world.
